Applied Embedded Electronics Oświęcim

Embedded controller electronics are at the heart of virtually all modern electronic devices today with a market of more than $86 billion per year and growing. To serve the needs of designers creating products for this huge market, this practical book covers topics crucial for modern electronics design.Author Jerry Twomey examines the methods necessary to help you create a trouble-free integrated system for your product, with an emphasis on hardware design. You'll explore topics from the perspective of real-world applications, including discussions about non-ideal components, noise, and methods for avoiding problematic scenarios.Topics include:Ideal versus actual connections, components, digital, signalsArchitecting an embedded systemDigital interface selection by application, speed, distanceMultivoltage power suppliesHigh frequency power integrityBattery and charging systemsEMI reduction and ESD protectionDriving and sensing peripheralsDigital feedback controlOptimization of power consumption and costSpecialty systems: medical, industrial, aerospacePCB design including manufacturability, yield, and low noiseThis book guides you through all of the techniques listed, which are required for a reliable integrated system. Through extensive illustrations and minimal equations, anyone with an interest in electronics will quickly grasp the ideas discussed. Spis treści: Preface Why I Wrote This Book Who This Book Is For Evolving Design Methods: A Different Approach How This Book Is Organized Conventions Used in This Book OReilly Online Learning How to Contact Us Acknowledgments 1. Essential Concepts Basic Electronics Ideal Simplifications of Academia Interconnections Basic Components Capacitors Resistors Inductors Voltage Sources and Batteries Current Sources Switches and Relays Operational Amplifiers Voltage Comparators Nonideal Digital Devices Signal Integrity Summary and Conclusions Further Reading 2. Architecting the System Preliminary Ideas Simulate or Build Through-Hole/Leaded Components (Obsolete) Discrete Gate Logic (Obsolete) Modern Design Strategies Mostly Digital Design DSP Methods: Versatility and Limits Digital Control Methods: DCU, MCU, MPU, FPGA, CPLD, and ASIC Terminology in MCU and MPU Specifications Hardware Controllers Software Controllers Computers Versus Controllers Raspberry Pi (MPU) Versus Arduino (MCU) Multipurpose and Specialty MCUs Chip Set Methods System Architecture Options Determine Peripherals and Interconnects Human inputs Switch inputs Sensor inputs On-board data communication Off-board data communication Indicators Electromechanical controls System support Data streams Avoid Serial Communication Bottlenecks Use Direct Memory Access for Data Transfer Determine DSP Methods Check for DSP Bottlenecks Improve DSP Speed Determine DCU Internal Features General-purpose input/output (GPIO) ports Serial data communication Internal ADC capability Internal DAC capability Comparators Real-time clock Clock generation system Power consumption Power supply voltage Programmable memory RAM size Interrupt handling capability Floating-point math capability Operating temperature Power on reset and brownout detection reset Radiation hardened designs Direct memory access capability Watchdog timer Timer counter circuits Sleep and low-power modes Physical Package Considerations Off-Chip Features and Support Pulling It All Together Picking a DCU Configuration and Your MCU/MPU Specialized Niche Function or Feature Multi-MCU Systems General-Use MCU Systems Picking a Specific MCU Summary and Conclusions Further Reading 3. Robust Digital Communication Digital Signals, Physical Considerations, and Connections Limitations of Ground-Referenced Digital Signals Low-Voltage Differential Signaling Organizing Interconnects for Speed and Signal Integrity Lumped Versus Distributed Networks Clock Distribution Digital Communication: Parallel Versus Serial Ports Clocking Methods for Serial Ports Starting Edge Synchronization Parallel Clock Manchester Code Self-Clocking Embedded Clock and Run Length Limited Codes Digital Communication: Features and Definitions Serial Data: Shared Ground, Low Speed Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter Inter-Integrated Circuit and System Management Bus Serial Peripheral Interface Single-Wire Interfaces Serial Data: Shared Ground, High Speed Data Between Boards or Between Systems: Wired Methods RS-232: Serial Data over Cable RS-485: Differential Serial Data over Cable Controller Area Network Serial Data for Computer Systems Universal Serial Bus Serial Advanced Technology Attachment Peripheral Component Interconnect Express Ethernet Wireless Serial Interfaces WiFi Bluetooth Bluetooth Low Energy ZigBee Z-Wave Adaptive Network Topology Other Data Communication Methods Infrared Fiber-Optic Data: Go Fast, Go Far JTAG: PCB Access for Test and Configuration Summary and Conclusions Further Reading 4. Power Systems Split Phase AC Mains Power AC Power Safety: Defining the Problem High-Voltage and Low-Voltage Partitioning Safe Failure Methods and Single Fault Safe Scenarios Overcurrent Protection Methods and the Weakest Link AC/DC Conversion The Classic Approach: 60 Hz Transformers Off-line Switchers Multi-PCB Systems: The Need for Local Power Regulation DC/DC Conversion: Linear Versus Switching Linear Regulators: Conceptual Emitter Follower Regulators Versus LDO Switching Step-Down (Buck) Converter Switching Step-Up (Boost) Converter Switching Buck-Boost Converter Picking Regulators and Configuring a Power System Including Power Supply Monitors Power Bypass, Decoupling, and Filtering Radiated Noise Reduction: RC Snubbers, Ferrites, and Filters Power Output Noise Reduction: Damped LPF Networks and Cascaded Regulators Power Grid Current Surges Due to Digital Logic Low-Impedance Power and Ground Planes Power Supply Bypass Filtering: Distributed Stabilization Bypass Capacitors at High Frequencies Power Bypass Capacitor Value and Distribution Summary and Conclusions Further Reading 5. Battery Power Battery Basics: Definitions Decision Guidelines for Rechargeable or Single-Use Batteries Defining Power Requirements Battery Discharge Versus Functional Voltage Range Battery Types by Chemistry Discharging Behavior of Batteries Designing a Battery Set: Single Use and Multiple Cells Designing a Rechargeable Custom Battery Pack Charging Batteries Smart Batteries Regulations and Safety for Batteries Other Energy Storage and Access Methods Supercapacitors Hydrogen Fuel Cells Flow Batteries Wireless Power Solid State Batteries Summary and Conclusions Further Reading 6. Electromagnetic Interference and Electrostatic Discharge Preliminary Ideas Intrinsic Noise General Strategy Dealing with EMI Regulations and Requirements Visualizations of Noise Coupling Frequency Domain Analysis of EMI Grounding Reducing Conducted Emissions to AC Power Mains Cable Interconnect Strategies Reducing Noise Generation at the Source Slower Clocks and Softer Transitions LVDS for Digital Data to Reduce EMI Spread Spectrum Clocks to Reduce EMI EMI Reduction for Switched-Mode Power Supplies Unintentional EMI Antennas EMI Suppression on Motors Reducing Noise Coupling Between On-Board Devices Identifying the Big Talkers and Sensitive Listeners Floor-Planning the PCB for Noise Faraday Cage Methods to Contain or Protect from EMI Making Circuits Less Noise Sensitive Noise-Sensitive High-Impedance Nodes Noise Immunity of Differential Signals Noise Immunity Through Bandwidth Limiting Suppressing Noise into and Out of the System: Faraday Cage Techniques Electrostatic Discharge Protection Summary and Conclusions Further Reading 7. Data Converters: ADCs and DACs DAC Performance Basics ADC Performance Basics Antialiasing Filters for ADC Inputs Pulse Width Modulation DACs Arbitrary Waveform Generation by Direct Digital Synthesis Summary and Conclusions Further Reading 8. Driving Peripheral Devices Switched Driver Circuits High- and Low-Side Switching High-Power Load Isolation Drive Signal Strategies Power Transistor Selection Power Transistor Thermal Performance Driving LEDs and Buzzers Selection of Static Displays Streaming Video Output Driving Inductive Loads Transient Current in a Switched Inductor Driving Solenoids and Relays H-Bridge Drive Circuits Driving DC Motors Motor Selection Brushed DC Motor Driver Circuit Brushless DC Motors: Single and Three Phase Motors with Integrated Control Electronics Stepper Motors Voice Coil Motors Stall Currents and Protecting from Self-Destruction Audio Outputs Summary and Conclusions Further Reading 9. Sensing Peripheral Devices Sensors for Everything Sensor Output Types Sensor Data Capture and Calibration Data Capture Method Sensor Calibration Sensor Response Time Two-State Devices: Switches, Optical Interrupters, and Hall Sensors Position and Rotation Encoders Analog-Linear Sensors: A Closer Look Characteristics of Analog Sensors Signal Processing for Analog Sensors Sensor Calibration Current Sensing Methods Voltage Sensing Specific Sensor Applications Pressure Sensors Temperature Sensors Strain Gauges Sound and Microphones Image Sensors and Video Cameras Touch Panels Summary and Conclusions Further Reading 10. Digital Feedback Control Overview of Sequence and Feedback Control Digital Versus Analog Circuit Methods Preliminary Definitions and Concepts Transfer Functions, Block Diagrams, and Basic Feedback Transient Response Terminology DUC Performance Selection Sequence Control Select Topics in Analog Control Systems Linear Systems and Approximations Bode Plots for Stable Control Loops Bode Plots for Gain and Phase Response Bode Plots for Gain and Phase of a Control Loop Bode Plots for Integral and Derivative Response Bode Plots of Fixed Time Delays Transition to Digital Control Determine DUC Stability DAC Performance Requirements Accuracy of Control Math ADC Performance Requirements ADC Sampling Rate Determination Final Selection of ADC and DAC Dual-Clock Strategy for Improved Phase Margin Digital Trapezoid Integration Digital Integration: Limit Windup and Avoid Saturation Digital Derivative by Adjacent Samples Additive Time Delays in the DSP PID Control Implementation Response Variants: P, I, PI, and PID Typical Effects of Gain Adjustments Ziegler Nichols Tuning ChienHronesReswick Tuning Component Variance and Control Tuning Adaptive Control Methods Trajectory Control Methods Summary and Conclusions Further Reading 11. Schematic to PCB PCB Terminology PCB Design (EDA) Tools Getting Started Component Selection Selecting RLC Components Picking Connectors for Off-Board Wires Selecting IC Packages Checking Component End of Life and High-Quantity Availability Including Test Access and Interface Ports Schematics Schematic Sheets and General Organization Symbol Organization for Integrated Circuits Placeholders and Do Not Populate Components Provide Generous Commentary Avoid Ambiguity Call Out Items Requiring Special Attention Bill of Materials Defining Physical, Control, and Data Layers Defining a Component Footprint Mechanical Definition of a PCB Metric Versus Imperial Measurements PCB Mounting Electrical Grounding Through Mechanical Mounts Drilled Hole Spacing and Keep-Outs Cables to the PCB PCB Alignment References Conformal Coating Test Fixture Using Bed of Nails Defining the PCB Layer Stack-Up Interplane Capacitance Physical Design Rules High-Voltage Spacing Rules Component Placement Strategy General Interconnection Methods Easy Estimations of RLC Parasitics Maximum Trace Currents Determine Minimum Geometry Trace Requirements Vias and Micro-Vias Vias for Thermal Conduction Specialized Interconnection Methods Differential Signal Routing Microstrip Transmission Lines Stripline Transmission Lines Differential Microstrips and Striplines Kelvin Connections EMI and ESD Strategies Solid Ground Plane for Less EMI Flooded Signal Layer Grounds for Less EMI ESD Interconnect High-Frequency Power Bypass Methods Features for Manufacture and Assembly Consistent Copper Coverage Panelization and Break-Apart Methods Fabrication Notes Manufacturing (Gerber) Files Summary and Conclusions Further Reading 12. Software and Coding Coding Languages Operating Systems Picking an RTOS Embedded Linux Embedded Android FreeRTOS QNX VxWorks INTEGRITY ARM Mbed OS Zephyr Project TI-RTOS Nucleus RTOS Windows 10 IoT Additional offerings Additional RTOS Considerations Configuring Ports and Processors Device Drivers Problematic Portability Peripheral Communication Initiating Peripheral Communication Device Driver Features Modularity/Hierarchy for DD Code Testing the DD Defensive Coding Methods Preprocess Data Inputs (Invalid Data) Preprocess Data Inputs (Bandwidth Restrictions) Preprocess Data (Human Input) Background Reinitialization Watchdog Timers Multicontroller Coding Suggestions for Well-Organized Code Summary and Conclusions Further Reading 13. Special Systems and Applications Different Electronics for Different Priorities Design Priorities Product Cost Quality and Reliability Power Consumption Safety Backward Compatibility Ruggedness and User Abuse Capability for Repair Navigating the Regulatory Maze Risk Analysis Aviation Electronics (Avionics) Design Priorities Special Needs Regulations, Certifications, and Approvals Satellites and Spacecraft (Astrionics) Radiation Thermal Extremes Vibration, Shock, and Acceleration Vacuum Environments Component Selection and NASA-Approved Parts PCB Materials and Layout Limited Life of Spacecraft Disposable satellites Mass-produced satellites Regulations, Certifications, and Approvals Military Electronics Design Priorities and Unique Requirements Regulations, Certifications, and Approvals Medical Devices Regulations, Certifications, and Approvals Clean Functionality Throughout EMC Tests Special Needs ESD functionality Power dips Patient isolation safety Regulatory Requirements for Software and Firmware Automotive Typical Electronic Control Units Design Priorities and Special Needs Regulations, Certifications, and Approvals Vehicular safety and performance Electronic components internal to ECUs Coalition for a software-defined ECU platform Society of Automotive Engineers Testing and regulatory requirements for ECU modules Automotive ECU consolidated test list Consumer Electronics Design Priorities Cost Volume manufacturing Visual appeal Ease of use Repair capability Reliability Backward compatibility Special Interest Groups, Technology Coalitions, and Technical Standards Regulations, Certifications, and Approvals FCC EMI certification Underwriters Laboratories safety certification CE mark Restriction of Hazardous Substances Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) Industrial Automation Summary and Conclusions Further Reading 14. Creating Great Products Create Products That Solve Problems or Fulfill a Need Identify the Target Market Identify What the Customer Wants Examine Competing Products Define the Value Proposition Determine Viable Pricing Determine a Properly Timed Market Window Establish Coalitions and Strategic Partners Focus on Ease of Use Determine the Needed Resources Get Design Specification Consensus Minimal Design and Feature Creep Identify Obstacles Early Get User Feedback on Prototype Builds Make It Easy to Manufacture Summary and Conclusions Further Reading Glossary of Acronyms Index