Linux Cookbook. 2nd Edition Chorzów

This handy cookbook teaches new-to-intermediate Linux users the essential skills necessary to manage a Linux system, using both graphical and command-line tools. Whether you run Linux in embedded, desktop, server, or cloud or virtual environments, the fundamental skills are the same. This book aims to get you up and running quickly, with copy-paste examples.Carla Schroder provides recipes that cover specific problems, with discussions that explain how each recipe works, as well as references for additional study.You'll learn how to:Use systemd, the new comprehensive service managerBuild simple or complex firewalls with firewalldSet up secure network connections for Linux systems and mobile devicesRescue nonbooting systemsReset lost passwords on Linux and WindowsUse dnsmasq to simplify managing your LAN name servicesManage users and groups and control access to filesProbe your computer hardware and monitor hardware healthManage the GRUB bootloader and multiboot Linux and WindowsKeep accurate time across your network with the newest toolsBuild an internet router/firewall on Raspberry PiManage filesystems and partitioning Spis treści: Preface Who Should Read This Book Why I Wrote This Book Navigating This Book Conventions Used in This Book Using Code Examples OReilly Online Learning How to Contact Us Acknowledgments 1. Installing Linux Booting from Installation Media Where to Download Linux Best Linux for Newbies 1.1. Entering your System BIOS/UEFI Setup 1.2. Downloading a Linux Installation Image 1.3. Creating a Linux Installation USB Stick with UNetbootin 1.4. Creating a Linux Installation DVD with K3b 1.5. Using the wodim Command to Create a Bootable CD/DVD 1.6. Creating a Linux Installation USB Stick with the dd Command 1.7. Trying a Simple Ubuntu Installation 1.8. Customizing Partitioning 1.9. Preserving Existing Partitions 1.10. Customizing Package Selection 1.11. Multibooting Linux Distributions 1.12. Dual-boot with Microsoft Windows 1.13. Recovering an OEM Windows 8 or 10 Product Key 1.14. Mounting Your ISO Image on Linux 2. Managing the GRUB Bootloader 2.1. Rebuilding Your GRUB Configuration File 2.2. Unhiding a Hidden GRUB Menu 2.3. Booting to a Different Linux Kernel 2.4. Understanding GRUB Configuration Files 2.5. Writing a Minimal GRUB Configuration File 2.6. Setting a Custom Background for Your GRUB Menu 2.7. Changing Font Colors in the GRUB Menu 2.8. Applying a Theme to Your GRUB Menu 2.9. Rescuing a Nonbooting System from the grub> Prompt 2.10. Rescuing a Nonbooting System from the grub rescue> Prompt 2.11. Reinstalling Your GRUB Configuration 3. Starting, Stopping, Restarting, and Putting Linux into Sleep Modes 3.1. Shutting Down with systemctl 3.2. Shutting Down, Timed Shutdowns, and Rebooting with the shutdown Command 3.3. Shutting Down and Rebooting with halt, reboot, and poweroff 3.4. Sending Your System into Sleep Modes with systemctl 3.5. Rebooting Out of Trouble with Ctrl-Alt-Delete 3.6. Disabling, Enabling, and Configuring Ctrl-Alt-Delete in the Linux Console 3.7. Creating Scheduled Shutdowns with cron 3.8. Scheduling Automated Startups with UEFI Wake-Ups 3.9. Scheduling Automated Startups with RTC Wake-ups 3.10. Setting Up Remote Wake-Ups with Wake-on-LAN over Wired Ethernet 3.11. Setting Up Remote Wake-Ups over WiFi (WoWLAN) 4. Managing Services with systemd 4.1. Learning if Your Linux Uses systemd 4.2. Understanding PID 1, the Mother of All Processes 4.3. Listing Services and Their States with systemctl 4.4. Querying the Status of Selected Services 4.5. Starting and Stopping Services 4.6. Enabling and Disabling Services 4.7. Stopping Troublesome Processes 4.8. Managing Runlevels with systemd 4.9. Diagnosing Slow Startups 5. Managing Users and Groups 5.1. Finding a Users UID and GID 5.2. Creating a Human User with useradd 5.3. Creating a System User with useradd 5.4. Changing the useradd Default Settings 5.5. Customizing the Documents, Music, Video, Pictures, and Downloads Directories 5.6. Creating User and System Groups with groupadd 5.7. Adding Users to Groups with usermod 5.8. Creating Users with adduser on Ubuntu 5.9. Creating a System User with adduser on Ubuntu 5.10. Creating User and System Groups with addgroup 5.11. Checking Password File Integrity 5.12. Disabling a User Account 5.13. Deleting a User with userdel 5.14. Deleting a User with deluser on Ubuntu 5.15. Removing a Group with delgroup on Ubuntu 5.16. Finding and Managing All Files for a User 5.17. Using su to Be Root 5.18. Granting Limited Root Powers with sudo 5.19. Extending the sudo Password Timeout 5.20. Creating Individual sudoers Configurations 5.21. Managing the Root Users Password 5.22. Changing sudo to Not Ask for the Root Password 6. Managing Files and Directories 6.1. Creating Files and Directories 6.2. Quickly Creating a Batch of Files for Testing 6.3. Working with Relative and Absolute Filepaths 6.4. Deleting Files and Directories 6.5. Copying, Moving, and Renaming Files and Directories 6.6. Setting File Permissions with chmods Octal Notation 6.7. Setting Directory Permissions with chmods Octal Notation 6.8. Using the Special Modes for Special Use Cases 6.9. Removing the Special Modes in Octal Notation 6.10. Setting File Permissions with chmods Symbolic Notation 6.11. Setting the Special Modes with chmods Symbolic Notation 6.12. Setting Permissions in Batches with chmod 6.13. Setting File and Directory Ownership with chown 6.14. Changing Ownership on Batches of Files with chown 6.15. Setting Default Permissions with umask 6.16. Creating Shortcuts (Soft and Hard Links) to Files and Directories 6.17. Hiding Files and Directories 7. Backup and Recovery with rsync and cp 7.1. Selecting Which Files to Back Up 7.2. Selecting Files to Restore from Backups 7.3. Using the Simplest Local Backup Method 7.4. Automating Simple Local Backups 7.5. Using rsync for Local Backups 7.6. Making Secure Remote File Transfers with rsync over SSH 7.7. Automating rsync Transfers with cron and SSH 7.8. Excluding Files from Backup 7.9. Including Selected Files to Backup 7.10. Managing Includes with a Simple Include File 7.11. Managing Includes and Excludes with an Exclude File 7.12. Limiting rsyncs Bandwidth Use 7.13. Building an rsyncd Backup Server 7.14. Limiting Access to rsyncd Modules 7.15. Creating a Message of the Day for rsyncd 8. Managing Disk Partitioning with parted Overview 8.1. Unmounting Your Partitions Before Using parted 8.2. Choosing the Command Mode for parted 8.3. Viewing Your Existing Disks and Partitions 8.4. Creating GPT Partitions on a Nonbooting Disk 8.5. Creating Partitions for Installing Linux 8.6. Removing Partitions 8.7. Recovering a Deleted Partition 8.8. Increasing Partition Size 8.9. Shrinking a Partition 9. Managing Partitions and Filesystems with GParted 9.1. Viewing Partitions, Filesystems, and Free Space 9.2. Creating a New Partition Table 9.3. Deleting a Partition 9.4. Creating a New Partition 9.5. Deleting a Filesystem Without Deleting the Partition 9.6. Recovering a Deleted Partition 9.7. Resizing Partitions 9.8. Moving a Partition 9.9. Copying a Partition 9.10. Managing Filesystems with GParted 10. Getting Detailed Information About Your Computer Hardware 10.1. Collecting Hardware Information with lshw 10.2. Filtering lshw Output 10.3. Detecting Hardware, Including Displays and RAID Devices, with hwinfo 10.4. Detecting PCI Hardware with lspci 10.5. Understanding lspci Output 10.6. Filtering lspci Output 10.7. Using lspci to Identify Kernel Modules 10.8. Using lsusb to List USB Devices 10.9. Listing Partitions and Hard Disks with lsblk 10.10. Getting CPU Information 10.11. Identifying Your Hardware Architecture 11. Creating and Managing Filesystems Filesystem Overview 11.1. Listing Supported Filesystems 11.2. Identifying Your Existing Filesystems 11.3. Resizing Filesystems 11.4. Deleting Filesystems 11.5. Using a New Filesystem 11.6. Creating Automatic Filesystem Mounts 11.7. Creating Ext4 Filesystems 11.8. Configuring the Ext4 Journal Mode 11.9. Finding Which Journal Your Ext4 Filesystem Is Attached To 11.10. Improving Performance with an External Journal for Ext4 11.11. Freeing Space from Reserved Blocks on Ext4 Filesystems 11.12. Creating a New XFS Filesystem 11.13. Resizing an XFS Filesystem 11.14. Creating an exFAT Filesystem 11.15. Creating FAT16 and FAT32 Filesystems 11.16. Creating a Btrfs Filesystem 12. Secure Remote Access with OpenSSH 12.1. Installing OpenSSH Server 12.2. Generating New Host Keys 12.3. Configuring Your OpenSSH Server 12.4. Checking Configuration Syntax 12.5. Setting Up Password Authentication 12.6. Retrieving a Key Fingerprint 12.7. Using Public Key Authentication 12.8. Managing Multiple Public Keys 12.9. Changing a Passphrase 12.10. Automatic Passphrase Management with Keychain 12.11. Using Keychain to Make Passphrases Available to Cron 12.12. Tunneling an X Session Securely over SSH 12.13. Opening an SSH Session and Running a Command in One Line 12.14. Mounting Entire Remote Filesystems with sshfs 12.15. Customizing the Bash Prompt for SSH 12.16. Listing Supported Encryption Algorithms 13. Secure Remote Access with OpenVPN OpenVPN Overview 13.1. Installing OpenVPN, Server and Client 13.2. Setting Up a Simple Connection Test 13.3. Setting Up Easy Encryption with Static Keys 13.4. Installing EasyRSA to Manage Your PKI 13.5. Creating a PKI 13.6. Customizing EasyRSA Default Options 13.7. Creating and Testing Server and Client Configurations 13.8. Controlling OpenVPN with systemctl 13.9. Distributing Client Configurations More Easily with .ovpn Files 13.10. Hardening Your OpenVPN Server 13.11. Configuring Networking 14. Building a Linux Firewall with firewalld firewalld Overview 14.1. Querying Which Firewall Is Running 14.2. Installing firewalld 14.3. Finding Your firewalld Version 14.4. Configuring iptables or nftables as the firewalld Backend 14.5. Listing All Zones and All Services Managed by Each Zone 14.6. Listing and Querying Services 14.7. Selecting and Setting Zones 14.8. Changing the Default firewalld Zone 14.9. Customizing firewalld Zones 14.10. Creating a New Zone 14.11. Integrating NetworkManager and firewalld 14.12. Allowing or Blocking Specific Ports 14.13. Blocking IP Addresses with Rich Rules 14.14. Changing a Zone Default Target 15. Printing on Linux Overview 15.1. Using the CUPS Web Interface 15.2. Installing a Locally Attached Printer 15.3. Giving Printers Useful Names 15.4. Installing a Network Printer 15.5. Using Driverless Printing 15.6. Sharing Nonnetworked Printers 15.7. Correcting the Forbidden Error Message 15.8. Installing Printer Drivers 15.9. Modifying an Installed Printer 15.10. Saving Documents by Printing to a PDF File 15.11. Troubleshooting 16. Managing Local Name Services with Dnsmasq and the hosts File 16.1. Simple Name Resolution with /etc/hosts 16.2. Using /etc/hosts for Testing and Blocking Annoyances 16.3. Finding All DNS and DHCP Servers on Your Network 16.4. Installing Dnsmasq 16.5. Making systemd-resolved and NetworkManager Play Nice with Dnsmasq 16.6. Configuring Dnsmasq for LAN DNS 16.7. Configuring firewalld to Allow DNS and DHCP 16.8. Testing Your Dnsmasq Server from a Client Machine 16.9. Managing DHCP with Dnsmasq 16.10. Advertising Important Services over DHCP 16.11. Creating DHCP Zones for Subnets 16.12. Assigning Static IP Addresses from DHCP 16.13. Configuring DHCP Clients for Automatic DNS Entries 16.14. Managing Dnsmasq Logging 16.15. Configuring Wildcard Domains 17. Keeping Time with ntpd, chrony, and timesyncd 17.1. Finding Which NTP Client Is on Your Linux System 17.2. Using timesyncd for Simple Time Synchronization 17.3. Setting Time Manually with timedatectl 17.4. Using chrony for Your NTP Client 17.5. Using chrony as a LAN Time Server 17.6. Viewing chrony Statistics 17.7. Using ntpd for Your NTP Client 17.8. Using ntpd for Your NTP Server 17.9. Managing Time Zones with timedatectl 17.10. Managing Time Zones Without timedatectl 18. Building an Internet Firewall/Router on Raspberry Pi Overview 18.1. Starting and Shutting Down Raspberry Pi 18.2. Finding Hardware and How-Tos 18.3. Cooling the Raspberry Pi 18.4. Installing Raspberry Pi OS with Imager and dd 18.5. Installing Raspberry Pi with NOOBS 18.6. Connecting to a Video Display Without HDMI 18.7. Booting into Recovery Mode 18.8. Adding a Second Ethernet Interface 18.9. Setting Up an Internet Connection Sharing Firewall with firewalld 18.10. Running Your Raspberry Pi Headless 18.11. Building a DNS/DHCP Server with Raspberry Pi 19. System Rescue and Recovery with SystemRescue 19.1. Creating Your SystemRescue Bootable Device 19.2. Getting Started with SystemRescue 19.3. Understanding SystemRescues Two Boot Screens 19.4. Understanding SystemRescues Boot Options 19.5. Identifying Filesystems 19.6. Resetting a Linux Root Password 19.7. Enabling SSH in SystemRescue 19.8. Copying Files over the Network with scp and sshfs 19.9. Repairing GRUB from SystemRescue 19.10. Resetting a Windows Password 19.11. Rescuing a Failing Hard Disk with GNU ddrescue 19.12. Managing Partitions and Filesystems from SystemRescue 19.13. Creating a Data Partition on Your SystemRescue USB Drive 19.14. Preserving Changes in SystemRescue 20. Troubleshooting a Linux PC Overview 20.1. Finding Useful Information in Logfiles 20.2. Configuring journald 20.3. Building a Logging Server with systemd 20.4. Monitoring Temperatures, Fans, and Voltages with lm-sensors 20.5. Adding a Graphical Interface to lm-sensors 20.6. Monitoring Hard Disk Health with smartmontools 20.7. Configuring smartmontools to Send Email Reports 20.8. Diagnosing a Sluggish System with top 20.9. Viewing Selected Processes in top 20.10. Escaping from a Frozen Graphical Desktop 20.11. Troubleshooting Hardware 21. Troubleshooting Networks Diagnostic Hardware 21.1. Testing Connectivity with ping 21.2. Profiling Your Network with fping and nmap 21.3. Finding Duplicate IP Addresses with arping 21.4. Testing HTTP Throughput and Latency with httping 21.5. Using mtr to Find Troublesome Routers A. Software Management Cheatsheets Package Management Commands Managing Software on Ubuntu Managing Software on Fedora Managing Software on openSUSE Index O autorze: Carla Schroder od połowy lat 90. zeszłego stulecia pracowała jako administrator sieci. Napisała ponad 1000 dokumentów typu HOWTO przeznaczonych do różnych publikacji. Obecnie pisze podręczniki dla użytkowników oprogramowania korporacyjnego dla Linuksa. Słynie z umiejętności przystępnego wyjaśniania trudnych zagadnień.