C++ Fundamentals (e-book) Bieruń

Write high-level abstractions while retaining full control of the hardware, performances, and maintainability. Key Features Transform your ideas into modern C++ code, with both C++11 and C++17 Explore best practices for creating high-performance solutions Understand C++ basics and work with concrete real-world examples Book Description C++ Fundamentals begins by introducing you to the C++ syntax. You will study the semantics of variables along with their advantages and trade-offs, and see how they can be best used to write safe and efficient code. With the help of this book, you'll be able to compile fully working C++ programs and understand how variables, references, and pointers can be used to manipulate the state of the program. Then you'll explore functions and classes — the features that C++ offers to organize a program — and use them to solve more complex problems such as functions and classes. You'll also understand common pitfalls and modern best practices, especially the ones that diverge from the C++98 guideline. As you advance through the chapters, you'll study the advantages of generic programming and write your own templates to make generic algorithms that work with any type. This C++ book will guide you in fully exploiting standard containers and understanding how to pick the appropriate container for each problem. You will even work with a variety of memory management tools in C++. By the end of this book, you will not only be able to write efficient code, but also be equipped to improve the readability, performance, and maintainability of your programs using standard algorithms. What you will learn Work with the C++ compilation model and syntaxes Apply best practices for writing functions and classes Write safe, generic, and efficient code with templates Explore the containers that C++ standard offers Discover the new paradigms introduced with C++11, C++14, and C++17 Get to grips with the core language features of C++ Abstract complex problems using object-oriented programming in C++ Who this book is for If you're a developer looking to learn a new powerful language or are familiar with C++ but want to update your knowledge with modern paradigms of C++11, C++14, and C++17, this book is for you. To easily understand the concepts in the book, you must be familiar with the basics of programming. Spis treści: Preface About the Book About the Authors Objectives Audience Approach Minimum Hardware Requirements Software Requirements Additional Resources Conventions Chapter 1 Getting Started Introduction The C++ Compilation Model Difference Between Header and Source Files Compiling a File into an Object File Linking Object Files Working with the main Function Exercise 1: Compiling and Executing the main Function Built-in Data Types Primitive Data Types Datatype Modifiers Variable Definition Demystifying Variable Initialization Pointers and References Pointers References The const Qualifier The Scope of Variables Control Flow Statements Selection Statement if-else Selection Statement switch Iteration Statement for loop Iteration Statement while loop Iteration Statement do-while loop Jump Statements break and continue The try-catch block Exercise 2: Counting the Number of Times a Specific Number Appears in a Given List Activity 1: Finding the Factors of 7 between 1 and 100 Using a while Loop Arrays Array Declaration Array Initialization Accessing the Values of an Array Multidimensional Arrays Activity 2: Defining a Bi-Dimensional Array and Initializing Its Elements Summary Chapter 2 Functions Introduction Function Declaration and Definition Defining a Function Exercise 3: Calling a Function from main() Local and Global Variables Working with Variable Objects Exercise 4: Using Local and Global Variables in a Fibonacci Sequence Passing Arguments and Returning Values Pass by Value Exercise 5: Calculating Age using Pass by Value Arguments Pass by Reference Exercise 6: Calculating Incrementation of Age using Pass by Reference Activity 3: Checking Voting Eligibility Working with const References or r-value References Returning Values from Functions Returning by Value Returning by Reference Activity 4: Using Pass by Reference and Pass by Value Const Parameters and Default Arguments Passing by const Value Passing by const Reference Returning by const Value Returning by const Reference Default Arguments Namespaces Activity 5: Organizing Functions in Namespaces Function Overloading Activity 6: Writing a Math Library for a 3D Game Summary Chapter 3 Classes Introduction Declaring and Defining a Class The Advantages of Using Classes C++ Data Members and Access Specifiers Static Members Exercise 7: Working with Static Variables Member Functions Declaring a Member Function Using const Member Functions The this Keyword Exercise 8: Creating a Program Using the this Keyword to Greet New Users Non-Member Class-Related Functions Activity 7: Information Hiding Through Getters and Setters Constructors and Destructors Constructors Overloading Constructor Constructor Member Initialization Aggregate Classes Initialization Destructors Exercise 9: Creating a Simple Coordinate Program to Demonstrate the Use of Constructors and Destructors Default Constructor and Destructor Activity 8: Representing Positions in a 2D Map Resource Acquisition Is Initialization Activity 9: Storing Multiple Coordinates of Different Positions on a Map Nested Class Declarations Friend Specifier Friend Functions Friend Classes Exercise 10: Creating a Program to Print the Users Height Activity 10: The AppleTree Class, which Creates an Apple Instance Copy Constructors and Assignment Operators The copy Assignment Operator The move-constructor and move-assignment Operator Preventing Implicit Constructors and Assignment Operators Operator Overloading Activity 11: Ordering Point Objects Introducing Functors Activity 12: Implementing Functors Summary Chapter 4 Generic Programming and Templates Introduction Templates Compiling the Template Code Exercise 11: Finding the Bank Account of the User with the Highest Balance Using Template Type Parameters Requirements of Template Parameter Types Defining Function and Class Templates Function Template Class Templates Dependent Types Activity 13: Reading Objects from a Connection Activity 14: Creating a User Account to Support Multiple Currencies Non-Type Template Parameters Activity 15: Writing a Matrix Class for Mathematical Operations in a Game Making Templates Easier to Use Default Template Arguments Template Argument Deduction Parameter and Argument Types Activity 16: Making the Matrix Class Easier to Use Being Generic in Templates Activity 17: Ensuring Users are Logged in When Performing Actions on the Account Variadic Templates Activity 18: Safely Performing Operations on the User Cart with an Arbitrary Number of Parameters Writing Easy-to-Read Templates Type Alias Template Type Alias Summary Chapter 5 Standard Library Containers and Algorithms Introduction Sequence Containers Array Vector Deque List Forward-List Providing Initial Values to Sequence Containers Activity 19: Storing User Accounts Associative Containers Set and Multiset Map and Multimap Activity 20: Retrieving a User's Balance from their Given Username Unordered Containers Container Adaptors Stack Queue Priority Queue Activity 21: Processing User Registration in Order Unconventional Containers Strings Exercise 12: Demonstrating Working Mechanism of the c_str() Function Pairs and Tuples std::optional std::variant Exercise 13: Using Variant in the Program Exercise 14: Visitor Variant Activity 22: Airport System Management Iterators Exercise 15: Exploring Iterator Reverse Iterators Exercise 16: Exploring Functions of Reverse Iterator Insert Iterators Stream Iterators Exercise 17: Stream Iterator Iterator Invalidation Exercise 18: Printing All of the Customers' Balances Algorithms Provided by the C++ Standard Template Library Lambda Read-Only Algorithms Modifying Algorithms Mutating Algorithms Sorting Algorithms Binary Search Algorithms Numeric Algorithms Exercise 19: Customer Analytics Summary Chapter 6 Object-Oriented Programming Introduction Inheritance Exercise 20: Creating a Program to Illustrate Inheritance in C++ Exercise 21: Using Multiple Inheritance to Create a "Welcome to the Community" Message Application Activity 23: Creating Game Characters Polymorphism Dynamic Binding Virtual Methods Exercise 22: Exploring the Virtual Method Activity 24: Calculating Employee Salaries Interfaces in C++ Activity 25: Retrieving User Information Dynamic Memory Safe and Easy Dynamic Memory A Single Owner Using std::unique_ptr Shared Ownership Using std::shared_ptr Activity 26: Creating a Factory for UserProfileStorage Activity 27: Using a Database Connection for Multiple Operations Summary Appendix Lesson 1: Getting Started Activity 1: Find the Factors of 7 between 1 and 100 Using a while Loop Activity 2: Define a Bi-Dimensional Array and Initialize Its Elements Lesson 2: Functions Activity 3: Calculating if a Person is Eligible to Vote or Not Activity 4: Apply the Understanding of Passing by Reference or Value in Functions Activity 5: Organizing Functions in Namespaces Activity 6: Writing a Math Library for use in a 3D Game Lesson 3: Classes Activity 7: Information Hiding Through Getters and Setters Activity 8: Representing Positions in a 2D Map Activity 9: Storing Multiple Coordinates of Different Positions in the Map Activity 10: The AppleTree Class, which Creates an Apple Instance Activity 11: Ordering Point Objects Activity 12: Implementing Functors Lesson 04: Generic Programming and Templates Activity 13: Read Objects from a Connection Activity 14: UserAccount to Support Multiple Currencies Activity 15: Write a Matrix Class for Mathematical Operations in a Game Solution bonus step: Activity 16: Make the Matrix Class Easier to Use Activity 17: Ensure Users are Logged in When Performing Actions on the Account Activity 18: Safely Perform Operations on User Cart with an Arbitrary Number of Parameters Lesson 5: Standard Library Containers and Algorithms Activity 19: Storing User Accounts Activity 20: Retrieving a Users Balance from their Given Username Activity 21: Processing User Registration in Order Activity 22: Airport System Management Lesson 6: Object-Oriented Programming Activity 23: Creating Game Characters Activity 24: Calculating Employee Salaries Activity 25: Retrieving User Information Activity 26: Creating a Factory for UserProfileStorage Activity 27: Using a Database Connection for Multiple Operations